What You Need to Know About Diabetes in Dogs and Cats
Diabetes mellitus is a common endocrine disorder in dogs and cats, characterized by a deficiency of insulin or insensitivity to its effects. In other words, pets with diabetes either cannot produce enough insulin or their body does not use it effectively.
Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that helps regulate blood sugar, or glucose, levels. When the body cannot properly use insulin, blood sugar levels become elevated, leading to a host of health issues.
In the U.S., it has been estimated that 1 in 300 dogs and 1 in 230 cats have diabetes. In honor of Pet Diabetes Awareness Month, we’re bringing you all the info you need to know to watch out for and prevent this condition.
What Causes Diabetes in Cats and Dogs?
First and foremost, it is important to understand the differences between Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes.
Type 1 diabetes occurs when the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin. The exact cause of Type 1 diabetes in dogs and cats is not well understood but is thought to involve an autoimmune reaction where the body’s immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. In Type 1 diabetes, the animal is deficient in insulin.
In Type 2 diabetes, the body produces insulin, but the cells do not respond properly to it. This insulin resistance leads to elevated blood sugar levels. This is more common and luckily, also more preventable! In Type 2 diabetes, the animal is resistant to insulin.
When we talk about “causes of diabetes,” we are referring to Type 2, as Type 1 is not well understood and more difficult to prevent.
Some common causes of diabetes in dogs and cats include:
- Breed Predisposition: Certain breeds are more prone to developing diabetes. In dogs, this includes breeds like Poodles, Beagles, Miniature Schnauzers, and some Terrier breeds. In cats, Burmese cats are believed to have a higher predisposition to Diabetes.
- Age: Diabetes is more commonly diagnosed in middle-aged to older dogs and cats, typically around 6 to 9 years of age.
- Gender: Female dogs are more commonly affected by diabetes than males and male cats are more commonly diagnosed than females.
- Other Conditions:
- Pancreatitis: Inflammation of the pancreas (pancreatitis) can damage insulin-producing cells, leading to diabetes.
- Pancreatic Insufficiency: Conditions where the pancreas does not produce sufficient digestive enzymes can also affect insulin production.
- Endocrine Disorders: Certain endocrine disorders, such as Cushing’s disease, can disrupt insulin regulation.
- Hyperthyroidism: Cats with hyperthyroidism (overactive thyroid) have an increased risk of developing diabetes.
- Obesity and Lack of Exercise: Overweight dogs and cats are at a higher risk of developing diabetes. Obesity can lead to insulin resistance, making it harder for the body to regulate blood sugar levels. Of course, lack of activity and exercise can contribute to obesity. *Lifestyle is one of the most common causes of diabetes that we see as Veterinarians.*
- High-Carbohydrate Diets: Cats are obligate carnivores, meaning their bodies are designed to process animal proteins and not carbohydrates. High-carbohydrate diets, in cats, specifically, might contribute to obesity and diabetes.
- Chronic Stress: Prolonged stress can impact hormonal balance and may be linked to the development of diabetes.
Nine Common SIgns of Diabetes in Dogs and Cats
- Increased Thirst (Polydipsia):
Pets with diabetes often drink more water than usual. An increase in thirst can be one of the earliest signs of diabetes. - Frequent Urination (Polyuria):
Because they are drinking more water, diabetic pets urinate more frequently. Accidents in the house (especially in trained pets) or needing to go outside more often are common signs. - Increased Appetite with Weight Loss:
Despite eating more, pets with diabetes may lose weight. This is because the body’s cells are not getting the energy they need from food due to insulin deficiency or resistance. - Lethargy and Weakness:
Diabetic pets might appear lethargic, weak, or have a decreased interest in play or exercise. - Vision Changes:
Diabetic cataracts, a clouding of the lens in the eye, can cause vision changes. Cataracts are less common in cats, but felines can still experience vision changes. - Recurrent Infections:
Diabetic pets are more prone to infections, particularly urinary tract infections. - Vomiting and Dehydration (in more severe cases):
In advanced cases of diabetes, pets may experience vomiting and become dehydrated. - Sweet or Fruity Breath Odor (in more severe cases):
This can be a sign of ketoacidosis, a serious condition that can occur in unmanaged diabetes. - Change in Grooming Habits (in cats):
Diabetic cats might stop grooming themselves as effectively, leading to a poor coat condition.
If you notice any of these signs in your pet, it’s crucial to make an appointment with your Revel Veterinarian immediately. Diabetes CAN be managed effectively with proper veterinary guidance, including insulin therapy, dietary changes, and regular monitoring.
A Word on Toxic Thanksgiving Foods
We know it is so common and well intentioned to want to share the holiday feast with your four-legged bestie! However, many Thanksgiving Day foods are actually toxic to our cats and dogs. There are immediate health risks and long-term risks associated with diabetes.
Immediate Health Risks: Pancreatitis.
Some rich and fatty foods commonly found in Thanksgiving meals, such as turkey skin, gravy, and certain side dishes, can trigger pancreatitis in pets. Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas and can cause severe abdominal pain, vomiting, and diarrhea. Inflammation of the pancreas can also affect insulin production and lead to problems in regulating blood sugar levels, which is a concern for pets who have been diagnosed with diabetes.
Long-Term Risks: Weight Gain and Diabetes: Feeding pets high-calorie, fatty foods regularly, such as those found in indulgent Thanksgiving meals, can contribute to obesity. Obesity is a significant risk factor for diabetes in pets. Overweight pets are more prone to developing insulin resistance, a precursor to diabetes, making it harder for their bodies to regulate blood sugar levels.
Ingesting toxic foods can also place stress on the body, potentially impacting blood sugar regulation. For diabetic pets, managing stress levels is crucial for stable blood sugar control.
Here’s What To Do Instead
To prevent both immediate health risks and long-term complications related to diabetes:
- Avoid Feeding Toxic Foods: Keep pets away from foods like chocolate, onions, garlic, grapes, raisins, alcohol, and foods high in fat, especially during festive occasions like Thanksgiving.
- Maintain a Balanced Diet: Stick to a well-balanced pet diet that is appropriate for their species and size. Talk to your Revel Vet about nutrition!
- Regular Exercise: Help your pet get regular physical activity to maintain a healthy weight and overall well-being.
- Stress Management: Provide a calm and safe environment, especially during events that might cause stress to pets, like large gatherings.
In summary, diabetes can, for the most part, be prevented through lifestyle management. If your pet is at a higher risk based on their genetics, we recommend regular visits to Revel Vet for check ups and monitoring.Our goal is to help keep the Queen Creek pet community healthy! Come see us today to get started on the journey.
